Stranica 2 [2]
XeAe2e September 22e seek the ©
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speaking 400 million people - are still living from agriculture and
re thus directly affected by these measures.
lövet the land is not directly handed over to state farms or to
collectives, according to the Soviet pattern, it is ~ as intermediary
step - distributed to farmers. These land recipients are grouped into
governmental=controlled peasants’ associations. lExtremely high taxes |
are imposed, in form of compu&sory deliveries of grain, rice or other
agricultural products. Due to this fact, living conditions of the rural |
population have by no means impypved. On the contrary, in most ins tances
taxes are higher than were the rents payable to previous landlords. :
Famine continues in the countryside and increasingly forces the peasants |
to accept the collective system as the only remaining solutione
Political and administrative reorganizations
-he fundamental principle of the new Peiping administration
is strong Centralized unification. Its main feateres - the administra¬
tive structure, the People's Army and militia, the security forces and
the courgs, the state twusts, companies and cooperatives — are all set
up on a nation-wide basis and directad by Peipinge Provingial and local
autonomies and leadership - that were the characteristics of previous
regimes —- are now rapidly wiped out.
Along the same lines as in the economic field - where private
business was killed through the means of a "honesty" campaign, the "five
antis" — in administration too uniformity was imposed by a shmilar
nation-wide campaign. Started equally, early in January, by Premier
Chu-En#Lai, the "three anti campaign" had as purpose to review all of ©
China's administrative personnel and to clean out every case of corrup¬
tion, of waste and of "mandarinism" (which means bureaucratism). This
"three anti§* movement opened the possibility of declaring "tiger" or
animal of prey, any public employee whose record showed that he was
not entirely trustworthy along Peiping lines. The "tiger hunting" went
on for several months, throughout all the administrative serviees, in |
the same thorough and ruthless way in which it was simultaneously
carried on in the business and economic world. lien, who for many
years had been faithful Party members and communist *"resistants", were —
now accused of “bourgeois ideology", of "bourge.is habits", of corruptio
or simply of lack of energy in “tiger hunting", They were replaced |
by more "enthusiastic cadres", men freed of past ideologies or of strong
regional attachments, men with a proletarian rather than a rual backgrou
Cultural and social reorganization.
Along cultural lines, the fight and the cbh@aning-out process
is carried by a two-anti movement: against the Confucianist tradition
and against the "imperialistic" influenees. This campaignd of "“remodelin
of ideas" was lined out by President Mao-Tse-tung himself, in an
important programatiec speech, which he delivered last October before
the reiping Gonsultative Assembly.
Practical action for the reshaping of ideas started however only in
February. it was centered on the universities and especially on the
largest State-owned University in Shanghai, the Shiao-iung. The latter ¬
(2.